The average pace of progress accelerated from 1950 to 1980 and has stayed at around 0♵ units per year since then. Since 1950, global SDI has increased monotonically from 35 to 65. In the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), a population’s social and economic development status for each location-year is tracked on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), which combines information on gross domestic product per capita, average years of schooling among individuals aged older than 25 years, and the total fertility rate among females under the age of 25 years (as a widely available inverse proxy for the status of girls and women in society). These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers. ![]() From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3♵ billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. ![]() Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. ![]() GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses.
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